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Summary Two approaches common in literature were adopted for aquatic ecological modelling in the Institute of Ecology PAS. Following the first approach, in which the models were kept very simple, we developed "empirical" or "input-output" Vollenweider-type models to describe trophic states of lakes. Numerical programs written by Dr M. Giercuszkiewicz-Bajtlik and Dr A. Koczyk from...
Summary Entomopathogenic fungi are a group of microorganisms important for the regulation of arthropod populations both in natural and managed ecosystems. Hence, they have been for a long time of pest control interest and numerous species have been included into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Long-term studies on their occurrence in terrestrial habitats showed strong impoverishment of...
Summary The article deals with selected aspects of the interactions among cambiophagous insects, associated fungi and host plants. The association of fungi with cambiophagous insects, mainly belonging to the family Scolytidae, is an example of numerous mutualistic associations occurring in nature. Such fungi play an important and variable role in natural forest ecosystems as well as in artificial...
Summary There are described interaction between parasites and plants in nature and agrocenoses. Neotyphodium endophytes are described as symbionts which can be both, parasites and mutualists. Bacteria from the genus Wolbachia can be considered as microbial manipulator of arthropod reproduction. These so called "male killers" can induce parthenogenesis in haplodiploid insects. Dark-septate...
Summary Knowledge of the title trirophic interactions is important for developmet of biomanagement strategy of root-knot nematode control. Host plant susceptibility is known to affect nematode population and plant species differ in their tolerance to nematode attack. Isolates of nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus differ in their pathogenicity against root-knot nematode...
Summary The International Biological Programme (1964-1973) was designed to draw attention to the natural environment, and dependence of humans on its resources. In face of an increasing degradation of the natural environment, spontaneous growth of human population, and rising demand for food, itwas decided to develop a complex research focused on estimating the state of the biosphere. During the 50-year...
Summary Slime moulds form a peculiar group of organisms. Their presence is most often noticed thanks to formation of sporangia slightly similar to fungal fruitbodies. Only few species, however, produce big sporangia, sometimes even exceeding 10 cm in diameter. Most taxa form very tiny, variously shaped fructifications. Noteworthy, the formation of fruitbodies is preceded by vegetative stage of development,...
Summary Various aspects of the ecology of birdswere investigated at the Institute ( former Department) of Ecology PAS almost since the beginning of its existence (1952). Already in the 1960s, behavioural and evolutionary ecology was developed, and then continued in the 1990s. Also habitat preferences in birds were examined, including density-dependent intrapopulation interactions. During the International...
Summary Two opposite systems of matter flux have been found in forest ecosystems: an oligotrophic system typical of pine forests and a eutrophic system typical of alder woods. The oligotrophic system is characterised by intensive withdrawal of nutrients (N, P, K) during leaf ageing in autumn, whereas in the eutrophic system these processes are weak. The system of nutrient flux determines the degree...
Summary There are described plant strategies against attack of pathogen as so called hypersensitive reactionHR, or hypersensitive cell death, new defence and the enemy release hypothesis ERH. The number of fungus species of `alpine islands' is distinctly connected with its size area. However, dispersion of the fungi in smaller `islands' is mostly accidental. Provided data distinctly indicate that...
Summary Little is known about parasitic fungi associated with mites, but interest in them is growing because of their potential as agents for biological control of many pests and diseases vectors among these arthropods. An overview is given of studies on fungal diseases of phytophagous mites. Most of these studies concern on fungal pathogens of eriophyoids and spidermites. The most frequently encountered...
Summary The systems of classification of fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhizae with terrestrial plants are presented and discussed. Additionally, the improvements and changes needed to be incorporated in the classification of these fungi used at present are suggested.
Summary Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in double-stranded regions of RNA via hydrolytic deamination. As inosines are recognized as guanosines during translation this editing event can lead to a codon exchange in the edited mRNA. The amino acid changes introduced by this A-to-I RNA editing result in significant alterations in the physiological properties of...
Summary The data concerning the structure of the mitochondrial desmolase complex, which converts cholesterol to pregnenolone has been described. The desmolase contains: NADPH dependent adrenodoxin reductase (AdxR), soluble adrenodoxin (Adx) and cytochrom P450 of the CYP 11 gene family. The crystal structure of the desmolase components, as well as the electron transportmechanism conducted by this complex,...
Summary Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules. In this article their various types and activities in contrasts with corresponding DNA molecules are briefly characterized. The revolutionary discovery of the autocatalytic properties of nucleic acids by theNobel Prizewinners, Sidney Altman, Thomas R. CECH and their co-workers, led to the hypothesis of RNA world and to speculation on the role of RNA in...
Summary Sphingolipids and cholesterol of the plasma membrane self-organize into microdomains named rafts. They are 30-50 nm dynamic lipid assemblies that facilitate local accumulation of GPI-anchored proteins and Src family protein tyrosine kinases in their outer and inner leaflet, respectively. It has been demonstrated in the last five years that immunoreceptors, including TCR, BCR and Fc receptors,...
Summary Post-transcriptional gene silencing, also known as RNA interference (RNAi), is a natural phenomenon which has been found to occur in a number of species. This process is induced by double stranded RNA (dsRNA) and results in degradation of homologous mRNA. The silencing is triggered by viral or endogenous aberrant nucleic acids. Regardless the inducing factor the process involves dsRNA that...
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